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1.
Alerta (San Salvador) ; 7(1): 103-110, ene. 26, 2024.
Artigo em Espanhol | BISSAL, LILACS | ID: biblio-1526797

RESUMO

Las enfermedades de Alzheimer y esclerosis múltiple son neurodegenerativas, con tratamientos complejos y de costos elevados, orientados a disminuir la progresión de la sintomatología. Sin embargo, a causa de la falta de terapias adecuadas y de los posibles efectos adversos ocasionados por tratamientos de primera línea, es necesario implementar mejores abordajes terapéuticos complementarios que no produzcan mayores efectos secundarios y mejoren la sintomatología de dichas patologías. La restricción calórica y el ayuno intermitente han demostrado ser estrategias novedosas y beneficiosas en enfermedades neurodegenerativas, a través de mecanismos inmunitarios, metabólicos y fisiológicos. Con el objetivo de determinar el uso del ayuno intermitente y la restricción calórica como tratamiento coadyuvante en esclerosis múltiple y enfermedad de Alzheimer, se realizó una revisión narrativa de artículos originales en revistas científicas, en idiomas inglés y español, de 2018 a 2022. El uso de la restricción calórica y ayuno intermitente han generado cambios positivos produciendo disminución de estados proinflamatorios, estrés oxidativo y envejecimiento. Se consideran abordajes que modulan la progresión de la enfermedad y mejoran la función cognitiva por vías de señalización de monofosfato de adenosina cinasa, factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina y la enzima sirtuina, generando un efecto neuroprotector.


Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis are neurodegenerative disorders with expensive and complex treatments aimed at reducing the progression of symptoms. However, due to the lack of adequate therapies and the possible adverse effects caused by first-line treatments, it's necessary to implement better complementary therapeutic approaches that do not produce major side effects and improve symptoms. Caloric restriction and intermittent fasting have been shown to be novel and beneficial strategies in neurodegenerative diseases, through immune, metabolic, and physiological mechanisms. To determine the use of intermittent fasting and caloric restriction as a new treatment in multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer's disease, a narrative review of original articles in both national and international scientific journals, in English and Spanish languages with no greater obsolescence than five years. The use of caloric restriction and intermittent fasting have generated positive changes, producing a decrease in pro-inflammatory states, oxidative stress, and aging. Approaches that modulate disease progression and improve cognitive function of adenosine monophosphate kinase, insulin-like growth factor, and sirtuin enzyme pathways are considered, generating a neuroprotective effect.


Assuntos
El Salvador
2.
Arch. latinoam. nutr ; 73(1): 60-73, mar. 2023. tab
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1427728

RESUMO

The incidence of obesity and overweight in the world has been increasing in recent years due to poor diet and lack of physical activity; people suffering obesity and overweight, related with malnutrition due to excess, often resort to calorie restriction diets that are usually not very effective. In this context, intermittent fasting (IF) has become popular due to the possibilities for weight loss that it offers. This diet consists of alternating periods of fasting with unrestricted eating; however, its effectiveness and consequences are unknown to most users. This narrative review analyzes whether intermittent fasting contributes to the improvement of body and metabolic composition. The purpose of the review was to examine the available data on the contribution of intermittent fasting to the improvement of body and metabolic composition, in order to provide information and to define the parameters that condition safe achievement of its benefits. IF dieting triggers adaptive cell responses that cause a decrease in lipid oxidative stress markers in individuals with obesity and prediabetes. Metabolic alterations have been found to go hand in hand with the alteration of circadian rhythms; if IF contributes to this effect, it may assist in treating and preventing obesity and associated diseases. However, there are also disadvantages, such as the loss of lean muscle mass by wasting, and increased hypoglycemia(AU)


La incidencia de obesidad y sobrepeso en el mundo ha ido en aumento en los últimos años debido a la mala alimentación y la falta de actividad física; Las personas que padecen obesidad y sobrepeso, relacionadas con la desnutrición por exceso, suelen recurrir a dietas de restricción calórica que suelen ser poco efectivas. En este contexto, el ayuno intermitente (AI) se ha popularizado debido a las posibilidades de pérdida de peso que ofrece. Esta dieta consiste en alternar períodos de ayuno con alimentación sin restricciones; sin embargo, su eficacia y consecuencias son desconocidas para la mayoría de los usuarios. Esta revisión narrativa analiza si el ayuno intermitente contribuye a la mejora de la composición corporal y metabólica. El objetivo de la revisión fue examinar los datos disponibles sobre la contribución del ayuno intermitente a la mejora de la composición corporal y metabólica, con el fin de aportar información y definir los parámetros que condicionan la consecución segura de sus beneficios. Se ha encontrado que las alteraciones metabólicas van de la mano con la alteración de los ritmos circadianos; si AI contribuye a este efecto, puede ayudar a tratar y prevenir la obesidad y las enfermedades asociadas. Sin embargo, también existen desventajas, como la pérdida de masa muscular magra por atrofia y el aumento de la hipoglucemia(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Redução de Peso , Sobrepeso , Jejum Intermitente/efeitos adversos , Obesidade , Estado Pré-Diabético , Composição Corporal , Deficiências Nutricionais , Atenção à Saúde , Hipoglicemia
3.
An. Fac. Med. (Perú) ; 79(4): 331-337, oct.-dic 2018. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1011057

RESUMO

La práctica de restricción alimentaria intermitente (RAI) bien como sus variaciones, es utilizada por individuos con intensión de pérdida de masa corporal. Existen evidencias científicas favorables a esta práctica; no obstante, son insuficientes los estudios que muestren las consecuencias a largo plazo y sus repercusiones en el control de la homeostasis energética en el sistema nervioso central (SNC). Considerando su creciente utilización, tanto como su recomendación y además de la controversia existente en la bibliografía, la presente revisión tiene como objetivo mostrar los efectos de la RAI sobre la regulación central de la homeostasis energética registrados en la literatura.


The practice of intermittent food restriction (IFR) along its variations, is used by individuals with an intentional loss of body mass. There is scientific evidence favorable to this practice; however, studies showing the long term consequences and their impact on the control of energy homeostasis at the level of the central nervous system (CNS) are insufficient. Considering the increase in its use, as well as in its recommendation and the great controversy existing in the bibliography, the present review aims to show the effects of RAI on the central regulation of energy homeostasis reported in the literature.

4.
Rev. colomb. cir ; 31(2): 108-127, abr.-jun. 2016. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: lil-791300

RESUMO

El modo de soporte nutricional en el paciente en estado crítico es motivo de controversia y abundan las opiniones al respecto. Algunos consideran las demandas calóricas como el objetivo principal de la nutrición en el estado crítico con base en un supuesto alto grado de hipermetabolismo, pero hemos demostrado que tan elevado hipermetabolismo realmente no existe y que, primordialmente, se deben atender las necesidades proteicas en esta condición que es altamente catabólica. El clima hormonal y humoral del estado crítico lleva a que buena parte de las necesidades calóricas sean atendidas por degradación de la proteína corporal. En el estado crítico existe una especie de dependencia de la proteína. El estado clínico del paciente en estrés agudo hace difícil adelantar investigaciones prospectivas y de asignación aleatoria. Una característica del estado crítico es la variabilidad y labilidad de las condiciones fisiopatológicas. En el Servicio de Soporte Metabólico y Nutricional del Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá, desde hace muchos años, se reconoce la particular importancia del aporte proteico y se reduce el aporte calórico en forma de carbohidratos a no más de 600 kcal en 24 horas (150-200 g/24 horas), como fundamento para elegir el soporte nutricional, sea parenteral, entérico o mixto. En este artículo se revisan los fundamentos que llevan a considerar la proteína como el nutriente fundamental para el paciente en estado crítico.


The mode of nutritional support in the critically ill patient is controversial. Some authors consider caloric demand as the main objective of nutritional support based on a supposed high level of hypermetabolism, but we have demonstrated that such really does not exist, and that protein requirement should be primarily addressed for hypercatabolism as the predominant metabolic feature. Hormonal and humoral environment in the critically ill state lead to body protein degradation to attend the caloric requirements and the synthesis of acute phase proteins. In the critical condition there is a kind of dependence from amino acid and protein metabolism. Different authors remark that the protein requirement can reach 2.0 to 3.0 g/kg/d, in patients with severe sepsis, major trauma, extensive burns, and even on those on renal replacement therapy. The overall conditions of the patient in the state of acute stress make it difficult to conduct prospective randomized trials. Different variables affect the outcome, such as the current nutritional status of the patient, the elapsed time of fasting or starvation, age, basal and concurrent pathologies, number of organs involved, and the presence of infection. Characteristic of the acute stress condition is the liability and variability of the pathophysiologic parameters. The Surgical Metabolism and Nutrition Support Service at Hospital Universitario Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá has recognized for many years the importance of the protein supply concomitant with reduced caloric intake from carbohydrates to no more than 600 kcal/24 hours (150-200 g/24h) as the foundation for the prescription of any type of nutritional support in the critical state. In this article we review the reasons that lead to consider protein as the key nutrient in patients in critical condition.


Assuntos
Cuidados Críticos , Alimentos, Dieta e Nutrição , Restrição Calórica , Metabolismo Energético , Ciências da Nutrição
5.
Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol ; 51(5): 284-9, 2016.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26656211

RESUMO

There has been an increase in the interest of anti-ageing medicine in the last few years, with a growth in the industry of products that promise to prolong life and restore all the suffering or "defects" produced by age. The understanding of ageing has changed over the years, giving rise to the possibility of intervening in different metabolic and cellular pathways, and thus, delaying the appearance of the degenerative chronic diseases that appear with age, and that are finally the causing factors of the vulnerability that leads to our death. It is hoped that we can help the clinician to orientate their patients, who, due to the overwhelming amount of information they receive by the Internet, arrive at the clinic full of questions, waiting to receive absolute answer from their physician in order to increase their longevity and quality of life. This article presents an analysis of the physical activity, diets, supplements and drugs that are being investigated as anti-ageing measures and of the many clinical studies that have produced encouraging, measurable and reproducible results.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento , Dieta , Exercício Físico , Qualidade de Vida , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Humanos , Longevidade
6.
Cir Cir ; 81(5): 459-64, 2013.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25125067

RESUMO

Caloric restriction, as a 30 to 60% decrease of ad libitum balanced caloric intake, without malnutrition, is the non-genetic strategy that has consistently extended the average and maximum lifespan of most living beings, and it has been tested from unicellular organisms like yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Rhesus primates. In addition, various genetic and pharmacological caloric restriction models have shown to protect against cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Primate studies suggest that this intervention delays the onset of age-related diseases; in humans, it has physiological, biochemical and metabolic effects decreasing diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factor. Although currently the mechanism by which caloric restriction has its positive effects at the cellular level is unknown, it has been reported to decrease oxidative stress and increase in mitochondrial biogenesis.


La restricción calórica de 30 a 60% de la ingestión calórica ad libitum, equilibrada y sin llegar a la malnutrición, es la estrategia no genética que ha logrado extender el promedio y el periodo máximo de vida de diversos organismos, desde microorganismos unicelulares como la levadura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, hasta primates Rhesus. Modelos genéticos y farmacológicos han mostrado que esta estrategia protege de enfermedades cardiovasculares, neurodegeneración y cáncer. Los estudios efectuados en primates sugieren que la restricción calórica retrasa la aparición de enfermedades asociadas con el envejecimiento, y en humanos implica efectos fisiológicos, bioquímicos y metabólicos que disminuyen los factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes. Aunque en la actualidad se desconocen los mecanismos que generan los efectos positivos, a nivel celular se ha descrito disminución del estrés oxidativo, e incremento de la biogénesis mitocondrial.


Assuntos
Restrição Calórica , Prevenção Primária/métodos , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Animais , Composição Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares/metabolismo , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Metabolismo Energético , Humanos , Longevidade , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/prevenção & controle , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/prevenção & controle , Estresse Oxidativo , Sirtuínas/fisiologia , Redução de Peso
7.
Arq. bras. cardiol ; 97(1): 46-52, jul. 2011. tab
Artigo em Português | LILACS | ID: lil-597664

RESUMO

FUNDAMENTO: Treinamento físico (TF) aumenta a sensibilidade dos hormônios tireoidianos (HT) e a expressão gênica de estruturas moleculares envolvidas no movimento intracelular de cálcio do miocárdio, enquanto a restrição alimentar (RIA) promove efeitos contrários ao TF. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da associação TF e RIA sobre os níveis plasmáticos dos HT e a produção de mRNA dos receptores HT e estruturas moleculares do movimento de cálcio do miocárdio de ratos. MÉTODOS: Utilizaram-se ratos Wistar Kyoto divididos em: controle (C, n = 7), RIA (R50, n = 7), exercício físico (EX, n = 7) e exercício físico + RIA (EX50, n = 7). A RIA foi de 50 por cento e o TF foi natação (1 hora/dia, cinco sessões/semana, 12 semanas consecutivas). Avaliaram-se as concentrações séricas de triiodotironina (T3), tiroxina (T4) e hormônio tireotrófico (TSH). O mRNA da bomba de cálcio do retículo sarcoplasmático (SERCA2a), fosfolamban (PLB), trocador Na+/Ca+2 (NCX), canal lento de cálcio (canal-L), rianodina (RYR), calsequestrina (CQS) e receptor de HT (TRα1 e TRβ1) do miocárdio foram avaliados por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) em tempo real. RESULTADOS: RIA reduziu o T4, TSH e mRNA do TRα1 e aumentou a expressão da PLB, NCX e canal-L. TF aumentou a expressão do TRβ1, canal-L e NCX. A associação TF e RIA reduziu T4 e TSH e aumentou o mRNA do TRβ1, SERCA2a, NCX, PLB e correlação do TRβ1 com a CQS e NCX. CONCLUSÃO: Associação TF e RIA aumentou o mRNA das estruturas moleculares cálcio transiente, porém o eixo HT-receptor não parece participar da transcrição gênica dessas estruturas.


BACKGROUND: Chronic exercise and food restriction (FR) have directionally opposite changes in transcription of molecular structures of calcium handling and thyroid hormone (TH) status. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the association of chronic exercise and FR on serum thyroid hormones and gene transcription of molecular structures of intracellular calcium transients and thyroid receptors in myocardium of rats. METHODS: Male Wistar Kyoto rats, divided into two groups: control (C, n = 7), FR (R50, n = 7), chronic exercise (EX, n = 7) and chronic exercise + FR (EX50, n = 7). FR was of 50 percent and exercise was swimming (1 hour/day, 5 days/week, during 12 weeks). Serum concentrations of T3, T4 and TSH were determined. The mRNA gene expression of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum calcium pump (SERCA2a), phospholamban (PLB), Na+/Ca+2 exchanger (NCX), calcium channel L-type (L-channel), ryanodine (RYR), calsequestrin (CQS) and HT receptor (TRα1 and TRβ1) of the myocardium was performed by PCR real-time. RESULTS: FR reduced serum levels of T4 and TSH and TRα1 mRNA and increased the expression of PLB, NCX and L-channel. Exercise increased the TRβ1 receptor, L-channel and NCX. The association of exercise and FR reduced plasma T4 and TSH, TRβ1 mRNA increase, SERCA2a, NCX and PLB, and there was a significant correlation of TRβ1 with CQS and NXC. CONCLUSION: Chronic exercise and food restriction increased the mRNA of transient Ca2+ proteins; however, TH-receptor axis cannot participate in the transcription of mRNA of myocardial calcium transient proteins.


FUNDAMENTO: Entrenamiento físico (EF) aumenta la sensibilidad de las hormonas tiroideas (HT) y la expresión génica de estructuras moleculares envueltas en el movimiento intracelular de calcio del miocardio, mientras que la restricción alimenticia (RA) promueve efectos contrarios al EF. OBJETIVO: Evaluar los efectos de la asociación EF y RA sobre los niveles plasmáticos de los HT y la producción de ARNm de los receptores HT y estructuras moleculares del movimiento de calcio del miocardio de ratones. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron ratones Wistar Kyoto divididos en: control (C, n = 7), RA (R50, n = 7), ejercicio físico (EX, n = 7) y ejercicio físico + RA (EX50, n = 7). La RA fue de 50 por ciento y el EF fue natación (1 hora/día, cinco sesiones/semana, 12 semanas consecutivas). Se evaluaron las concentraciones séricas de triyodotironina (T3), tiroxina (T4) y hormona tireotrófico (TSH). El ARNm de la bomba de calcio del retículo sarcoplasmático (SERCA2a), fosfolamban (PLB), intercambiador Na+/Ca+2 (NCX), canal lento de calcio (canal-L), rianodina (RYR), calsequestrina (CQS) y receptor de HT (TRα1 y TRβ1) del miocardio fueron evaluados por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en tiempo real. RESULTADOS: RA redujo el T4, TSH y ARNm del TRα1 y aumentó la expresión de la PLB, NCX y canal-L. EF aumentó la expresión del TRβ1, canal-L y NCX. La asociación EF y RA redujo T4 y TSH y aumentó el ARNm del TRβ1, SERCA2a, NCX, PLB y correlación del TRβ1 con la CQS y NCX. CONCLUSIÓN: Asociación EF y RA aumentó el ARNm de las estructuras moleculares calcio transiente, sin embargo el eje HT-receptor no parece participar de la transcripción génica de esas estructuras.


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Restrição Calórica , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Animal/fisiologia , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Canais de Cálcio Tipo L/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/metabolismo , Calsequestrina/metabolismo , Expressão Gênica , Ratos Wistar , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real , Receptores dos Hormônios Tireóideos/metabolismo , Rianodina/metabolismo , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio do Retículo Sarcoplasmático/metabolismo , Trocador de Sódio e Cálcio/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Hormônios Tireóideos/sangue , Regulação para Cima
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